重复感染可助机体产生广谱抗体
本帖最后由 marine0425030 于 2015-8-18 11:28 编辑来，先看看什么是superinfection
The detection of an increasing number of circulating recombinant strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) indicates that genetic recombination can occur in cells infected with two strains of HIV-1. Coinfection with two circulating strains of HIV-1 has been detected in a few subjects in communities where HIV-1 infection is endemic.Coinfection may result from exposure to a second virus either shortly after the initial infection or during the course of established HIV-1 infection; the latter circumstance is called superinfection.
在HIV研究领域内，抗体研究一直都是热点，尤其是近几年在精英控制着体内分离出了很多种广谱抗体。只有很少的一部分人可以产生这样的抗体，
科学家一直在研究追溯这群抗体的来源，试图通过研究病毒的进化来最终设计疫苗来刺激机体已使得健康人也可以产生广谱抗体。
该研究非常有趣的事，重复感染可助机体产生广谱抗体。
A Neves
https://extranet.fhcrc.org/EN/sections/spotlight/2105/08/hb_cortez_main.jpg
Development of a human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) vaccine that elicits neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) that are both potent and broad remains a major public health goal. However, one of the main challenges of HIV-1 vaccine design is the diversity of HIV-1 subtypes that are currently circulating worldwide. One scenario that holds great potential to inform future vaccine design is HIV-1 superinfection (SI), defined as one person receiving sequential infections from different source partners. Previous studies in Dr. Julie Overbaugh’s Laboratory (Human Biology Division) showed that a cohort of 12 superinfected women from Mombasa (Kenya) developed broader and more potent Nab responses than singly infected individuals (Cortez et al., 2012). However, it remains unclear whether SI and singly infected individuals differed in other ways, such as the specificity of the antibody response. A new Fred Hutch follow-up study by the Overbaugh lab, led by former graduate student Dr. Valerie Cortez and published inPLOS Pathogens, addressed this question by mapping the antibody response of 21 superinfected women onto epitopes (parts of proteins or other antigens that bind antibodies) of the HIV-1 Envelope protein.
Previous studies on singly infected individuals with broad Nabs mapped the bulk of their neutralizing activity onto four major epitopes on the HIV-1 Envelope protein: the membrane proximal external region (MPER), the CD4 binding site, residues in the V1/V2 region, and the V3 loop (see figure). The study began by assaying post-SI plasma from all 21 women. MPER-specific antibodies were infrequently detected, and such antibodies appeared to arise over a year following SI. Next, the authors tested for CD4-binding site-specific antibodies in post-SI plasma by comparing binding with an Envelope core protein engineered to prominently display the CD4-binding site versus a mutant protein that harbored a deletion that abrogates the binding of CD4-specific antibodies. One out of the 21 women had antibodies that bound the wild-type Envelope more strongly than the mutant, but this individual’s CD4-binding site-specific antibodies did not demonstrate neutralizing activity. Nabs that target either the V1/V2 region or the V3 loop require a glycan (a sugar moiety on a protein) at specific positions and comparisons of wild-type versus glycan deficient Envelopes failed to provide strong evidence for glycan-specific Nabs.
Beyond these four epitopes, several additional epitopes have been linked to newly characterized Nabs. To investigate further, the authors also engineered point mutations in these novel epitopes. Again, the antibodies targeted to the newly discovered epitopes did not appear to be major drivers of the SI response. Finally, the researchers employed computational analyses to corroborate the functional data, which confirmed that none of the 21 women developed a Nab response that could be ascribed with high confidence to a single known epitope. "Since none of neutralizing antibody responses from the 21 superinfected individuals strongly targeted any of the epitopes tested in our study, this may suggest that HIV-1 superinfection leads to a broad, polyclonal response that collectively mediates their ability to neutralize diverse HIV-1 envelopes Continual study of the virus-antibody interplay in HIV-1 superinfected individuals may yield insights to how we can design sequential immunizations that elicit a diverse, polyclonal antibody response capable of recognizing globally diverse HIV-1 subtypes," said Dr. Cortez. In conclusion, a combination of functional and computational analyses enabled the authors to characterize the epitope targets of Nabs linked to SI for the first time.
Cortez V, Wang B, Dingens A, Chen MM, Ronen K, Georgiev IS, McClelland RS Overbaugh J. 2015. The broad neutralizing antibody responses after HIV-1 superinfection are not dominated by antibodies directed to epitopes common in single infection. PLoS Pathog, 11(7), e1004973.
See also:
Cortez V, Odem-Davis K, McClelland RS, Jaoko W, Overbaugh J. 2012. PLoS Pathog, 8(3):e1002611. HIV-1 superinfection in women broadens and strengthens the neutralizing antibody response.
Funding for this study was provided by the NIAID.
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