题目：Human Papillomavirus Type 58 Can Replicate and Transcribe Viral Genes In Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
关于HPV-58 在酵母
来源： 24th International Papillomavirus Conference and Clinical Workshop
国际乳头瘤病毒学会议
ObjectiveThere is no normal cell culture or animal host for papillomavirus reproduction,which has hampered the study on PVs for many years It has been reported that Saccharomyces cerevisiae is permissive for replication of HPVs and BPV-1(Angeletti et al 2002,J Virol 76:3350-8;Zhao & Frazer,2002 J Virol 76:3359-64 &12265-73)In this study,we try to investigate whether... ... http://epub.cnki.net/grid2008/de ... amp;dbname=CPFD2007
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题目： Stable replication of papillomavirus genomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Angeletti, P. C., Kim, K., Fernandes, F. J. and Lambert, P. F.
Journal of Virology 76, 3350-3358 (2002).
Papillomaviruses normally replicate in stratified squamous epithelial tissues of their mammalian hosts, in which the viral genome is found as a nuclear plasmid. Two viral proteins, E1, a helicase, and E2, a transcriptional activator and plasmid maintenance factor, are known to contribute to the episomal replication of the viral genome. Recently, our laboratory discovered that papillomaviruses can also replicate in an E1-independent manner in mammalian cells (K. Kim and P. F. Lambert, Virology, in press; K. Kim and P. F. Lambert, submitted for publication). In this study, we describe experiments investigating the capacity of the human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) genome to replicate in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The full-length HPV16 genome, when linked in cis to a selectable yeast marker gene, either TRP1 or URA3, could replicate stably as an episome in yeast. The replication of papillomavirus genomes in yeast is not limited to HPV16. Bovine papillomavirus type 1 and HPV6b, -11, -16, -18, and -31 were all capable of replicating in short-term assays over a period of 20 cell doublings. The long-term persistence of viral episomes did not require any one viral gene, as mutant genomes defective in single genes also replicated episomally. These results indicate that the viral episome can replicate in the absence of the E1 DNA helicase. Similarly, E2 was also not required for replication in yeast, and E2 mutant viral genomes were stably maintained in the absence of selection, indicating the existence of an E2-independent mechanism for plasmid maintenance. The episomal replication of papillomavirus genomes in yeast provides a genetically manipulatable system in which to investigate cellular factors required for episomal replication and may provide a novel means for generating infectious papillomavirus.
上图来源：http://www.biosci.unl.edu/faculty/angeletti/index.shtml
In order to approach these studies we are using a novel system which allows episomal replication of full-length HPV genomes in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (Angeletti et al. 2002). This is a powerful approach since it allows modeling of several HPV functions, including replication, transcription, and encapsidation. The yeast/HPV system provides a convenient means to assess the cis and trans-acting functions required for replication HPVs, as well as superior yeast genetic tools to determine the involvement of cellular genes in these functions.
题目：Human papillomavirus type 16 exists in bacteria isolated from cervical cancer biopsies
HPV-16存在于细菌（分离自宫颈癌组织）
J Int Med Res. 2009 Jul-Aug;37(4):1065-74. http://chinesesites.library.inge ... 7/00000004/art00011
Abstract:
This study investigated the association between infectious microbes and persistent infection with human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) in cervical cancer. Bacterial strains (identified as Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Bacillus and Corynebacterium, based on their partial 16S rDNA sequence) were HPV-16 positive from 12 out of 14 cervical cancer biopsies. Total DNA was isolated from the four bacterial strains, and HPV-16 genes and genome were detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blotting. RNA transcripts for HPV-16 E6 and L1 genes were detected in total bacterial RNA samples using reverse transcription-PCR, and HPV-16 L1 protein expression was detected in bacterial cells by Western blotting and immunocolloidal gold electron microscopy. The presence of virus particles in bacterial cells was demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy. The results suggest that bacteria carrying HPV-16 could provide a potential explanation for how infectious microbes contribute to the progression from HPV-16 infection to cervical cancer.
Can HPV exist and replicate in bacteria?IT has, however, been reported that the genomes of HPV17（Angeletti PC, Kim K, Fernandes FJ, et al: Stable replication of papillomavirus genomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Virol 2002; 76: 3350 – 3358.） and bovine papillomavirus type 1 can stably replicate as nuclear plasmids in yeast, and that HPV plasmid DNA replication in yeast is not dependent upon any viral gene.
The present study demonstrated that the HPV-16 genome exists in bacterial strains isolated from cervical cancer biopsies, that HPV-16 genes can be transcribed and translated in these bacterial strains, and that the HPV-16 gene product can form virus particles in these bacteria. This is the first report to show that HPV exists in bacteria isolated from human tissue biopsies. It only confirms the existence of HPV-16 in the specific bacterial strains isolated, however, so further studies should be carried out to explain this phenomenon.
