SK-HEP-1 (ATCC® HTB-52™) https://www.atcc.org/Products/All/HTB-52.aspx Organism Homo sapiens, human Tissue liver / ascites Cell Type Endothelial Morphology epithelial Culture Properties adherent Biosafety Level 1 Disease adenocarcinoma Age 52 years Gender male Ethnicity Caucasian Applications This cell line is a suitable transfection host. Storage Conditions liquid nitrogen vapor phase Karyotype The cell line is aneuploid human (XX), with chromosome counts in the hypotriploid range. Normal chromosomes N1, N13, N14, N15, and N16 are clearly under-represented with respect to the copy number of other normal chromosomes, while chromosome N7, N12, and N17 tend to be over-represented in some metaphases. Eight markers are identified: del(1)(q21), der(1)t(1;2)(p36;q21), ?tdic(1;12)(p36;q24), ampl.t(4pter--->4q11::HSR::4q12--->4q24::HSR?::4q26--->4q35::2q15--->2pter), 13p+, 13p++, 14p+, t(14q15q), iso(14q), 19q+, del(3)(p14p24), 15p+. Clinical Data 52 years Caucasian male Tumorigenic Yes Effects Yes, in nude mice; forms large cell carcinoma consistent with hepatoma Comments The SK-HEP-1 line has been identified as being of endothelial origin. Complete Growth Medium The base medium for this cell line is ATCC-formulated Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium, Catalog No. 30-2003. To make the complete growth medium, add the following components to the base medium: fetal bovine serum to a final concentration of 10%. Subculturing 1. Remove and discard culture medium. 2. Briefly rinse the cell layer with 0.25% (w/v) Trypsin- 0.53 mM EDTA solution to remove all traces of serum that contains trypsin inhibitor. 3. Add 2.0 to 3.0 mL of Trypsin-EDTA solution to flask and observe cells under an inverted microscope until cell layer is dispersed (usually within 5 to 15 minutes). Note: To avoid clumping do not agitate the cells by hitting or shaking the flask while waiting for the cells to detach. Cells that are difficult to detach may be placed at 37°C to facilitate dispersal. 4. Add 6.0 to 8.0 mL of complete growth medium and aspirate cells by gently pipetting. 5. Add appropriate aliquots of the cell suspension to new culture vessels. 6. Incubate cultures at 37°C. Subcultivation Ratio: A subcultivation ratio of 1:2 to 1:4 is recommended Medium Renewal: 2 to 3 times per week Cryopreservation Freeze medium: Complete growth medium supplemented with 5% (v/v) DMSO Complete growth medium supplemented with 5% (v/v) DMSO Storage temperature: liquid nitrogen vapor phase Culture Conditions Atmosphere: air, 95%; carbon dioxide (CO2), 5% Temperature: 37°C STR Profile Amelogenin: X CSF1PO: 11,12 D13S317: 8,12 D16S539: 12 D5S818: 10,13 D7S820: 8,11 THO1: 7,9 TPOX: 9 vWA: 14,17 Isoenzymes AK-1, 1 ES-D, 1 G6PD, B GLO-I, 1 Me-2, 1-2 PGM1, 2 PGM3, 1 Name of Depositor G Trempe, LJ Old Year of Origin 1971 References Fogh J. Human tumor cells in vitro. New York: Plenum Press; 1975. Fogh J, et al. Absence of HeLa cell contamination in 169 cell lines derived from human tumors. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 58: 209-214, 1977. PubMed: 833871 Goodfellow M, et al. One hundred and twenty-seven cultured human tumor cell lines producing tumors in nude mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 59: 221-226, 1977. PubMed: 77210034 Fogh J. Cultivation, characterization, and identification of human tumor cells with emphasis on kidney, testis, and bladder tumors. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 49: 5-9, 1978. PubMed: 571047 Heffelfinger SC, et al. SK HEP-1: a human cell line of endothelial origin. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 28A: 136-148, 1992. PubMed: 1371504 Gucev ZS, et al. Evidence for insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-independent transcriptional regulation of IGF binding protein-3 by growth hormone in SKHEP-1 human hepatocarcinoma cells. Endocrinology 138: 1464-1470, 1997. PubMed: 9075703 Turner BM, Turner VS. Secretion of alpha1-antitrypsin by an established human hepatoma cell line and by human/mouse hybrids. Somatic Cell Genet. 6: 1-14, 1980. PubMed: 6245472 Cross References Nucleotide (GenBank) : S40179 pancreatic cholesterol esterase homolog {exon 10} [human, SK-Hep-I cells, ATCC HTB 52, Genomic, 84 nt]. |
PLC/PRF/5细胞系又称Alexander细胞系,是一株能稳定持续产生HBsAg的人肝癌细胞株。虽然国内外曾先后自肝癌组织建成不少细胞株,但能有乙型肝炎病毒抗原表达者仅有本株、Mahlavu株(由Pro-zesky 1973年建立)和Aden“建立的另一株,而其中以PLC/PRF/5(以下简称PLC) 产生HBsAg最稳定,量最多,研究最广。自从1976年Macnab报道以来,PLC已成为国际上研究乙型肝炎病毒,乙肝病毒与肝癌关系的一个重要实验模型。 PLC/PRF/5 (ATCC® CRL-8024™) https://www.atcc.org/Products/All/CRL-8024.aspx Organism Homo sapiens, human Tissue liver Cell Type Alexander cells Morphology epithelial Culture Properties adherent Biosafety Level 2 [Cells contain hepatitis B] Disease hepatoma Genes Expressed hepatitis virus B surface antigen (HBsAg) Cellular Products hepatitis virus B surface antigen (HBsAg) Comments The line was originally contaminated with mycoplasma, and was cured by treatment with BM-cycline. The cells secrete HBsAg. Complete Growth Medium The base medium for this cell line is ATCC-formulated Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium, Catalog No. 30-2003. To make the complete growth medium, add the following components to the base medium: fetal bovine serum to a final concentration of 10%. Subculturing Remove medium, and rinse with 0.25% trypsin, 0.03% EDTA solution. Remove the solution and add an additional 1 to 2 mL of trypsin-EDTA solution. Allow the flask to sit at room temperature (or at 37°C) until the cells detach. Add fresh culture medium, aspirate and dispense into new culture flasks. Subcultivation Ratio: A subcultivation ratio of 1:2 to 1:4 is recommended Medium Renewal: Twice per week Cryopreservation culture medium 95%; DMSO, 5% Culture Conditions Temperature: 37°C Name of Depositor WJ McAleer Disclosure This material is cited in a US or other Patent and may not be used to infringe the claims. Depending on the wishes of the Depositor, ATCC may be required to inform the Patent Depositor of the party to which the material was furnished. This material may not have been produced or characterized by ATCC. References Monjardino J, Crawford E. Polypeptide profile of HBSAg excreted by a human hepatoma cell line. Virology 96: 652-655, 1979. PubMed:223321 Skelly J, et al. Hepatitis B surface antigen produced by a human hepatoma cell line. Nature 282: 617-618, 1979. PubMed: 233138 Knowles B. et al. Human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines secrete the major plasma proteins and hepatitis B surface antigen. Science 209(4455): 497-499, 1980. PubMed: 6248960 Alexander J, et al. Adaptation of cells derived from human malignant tumours to growth in vitro. S. Afr. J. Med. Sci. 41(2):89-98, 1976. PubMed:184551 Gilligan A, et al. Variation in EGF-induced EGF receptor downregulation in human hepatoma- derived cell lines expressing different amounts of EGF receptor. Exp. Cell Res. 200: 235-241, 1992. PubMed: 1315281 Alexander JJ, et al. Establishment of a continuously growing cell line from primary carcinoma of the liver. S. Afr. Med. J. 50: 2124-2128, 1976. PubMed: 63998 |
1 人肝癌细胞系分类 1.1 取材于原发肝癌组织,建系过程中没有改变其生物学特性 早期所建的细胞系大都属于此类 [4~7],它们有一些共同点,如AFP均为阳性,能分泌一些血浆蛋白,但也存在一些明显的差别,PLC/PRF/5和HepG2在裸鼠中成瘤性都较差,而QGY-7703和SMMC-7721异种移植成功率为100%,PLC/PRF/5能检测到HBsAg,HepG2则不含HBV。郭秀婵等 [8] 建立的3株人肝癌细胞,显示了HBV可以协同AFB1导致肝癌的发生。丙型肝炎病毒是肝癌的一个重要致病因素,Aoki等 [9] 建立了一株能成功翻译由重组腺病毒产生的HCV RNAs的人肝癌细胞系。 1.2 具有特征性的人肝癌细胞系 MHCC97是利用裸鼠人肝癌高转移模型在体外建立的 [10],该细胞系HBsAg、HBxAg、AFP均阳性,经皮下和肝内接种均可使棵鼠致瘤,并发生肺部转移,肝内接种者,肺转移达100%(12/12),肺转移灶癌细胞AFP阳性。从该细胞系克隆出的两株细胞 [11] 的生物学特性有明显差别,高转移株肺转移率为100%,而低转移株仅为40%。吴小鹏等 [12]一株外生型肝癌细胞系EGHC-9901,该细胞系能持续高分泌AFP,能形成完整毛细胆管且有明显微绒毛,说明细胞变异较小。一些人肝癌细胞系其宿主患有其他肿瘤或疾病。KMCH-1是第一株肝癌和胆管癌混合的细胞系 [13] ,该细胞系在无胸腺鼠中能成瘤,但形成瘤体的分化程度却不同,皮下移植瘤呈低分化,而腹腔内肿瘤分化良好。RBHF-1 [14] 遗传性血色素沉积病的肝癌患者,HBV和HCV均阴性,该细胞系的建立有助于铁沉积过多的研究。Mz-Hep-1 [15] 是第一株致癌物相关的肝癌来源的细胞系,该细胞系的宿主长期暴露在高浓度的二氧化钍环境中,没有肝炎病毒感染。 1.3 人为转染了病毒和(或)基因的细胞系 随着随着分子生物学技术的发展,人们根据预设目的改造原有的细胞系,从而建立有既定生物学特性的肝癌细胞系。HB611 [16] 是一株转染了含HBV基因的重组DNA分子和一种抗新霉素基因的Huh6-c15的肝癌细胞系克隆,能聚集核心颗粒并高水平产生和释放HBsAg和HBeAg。有人 [17] 将病人的HCV转染到SMMC-7721细胞中,在至少3个多月的时间里都能在细胞内检测到HCV RNA和HCVNS3,CP10抗原的表达。 1.4 用于治疗性研究的人肝癌细胞系 此类细胞系主要用于药物筛选和细胞凋亡机制的研究。如杨俊霞等利用QGY细胞系作为研究模型,采用逐步用顺铂诱导建立了人肝癌顺铂耐药系QGY/cDDP [18] ,该细胞系和多种抗癌药有交叉耐药性,并且与5-氟尿嘧啶、表阿霉素、羟基喜树碱等多种抗癌药有不同程度的交叉耐药性,且耐药性稳定。耐药细胞系7721/Adm [19] 阿霉素半数致死浓度(IC50)增大4.65倍,并对多种抗癌药物产生耐药性,其耐药性提高了2~6倍不等,该耐药模型P-gp,MRP表达有非常显著的升高,而GSH/GST的表达无明显变化。 2 人肝癌细胞系的应用 人肝癌细胞系广泛地应用于肝癌的生物学特性、发病机制、浸润及转移机制、临床诊断、药物筛选及防治等领域的研究,而且已经深入到了基因及分子水平。它主要用于以下几个方面。 2.1 在肝癌发病机制研究中的应用 肿瘤的发生从根本上说肿瘤是个基因性疾病,从原癌基因激活为癌基因和抑癌基因的失活,通过一系列的信号传导途径,导致了正常细胞的分化、异常增生,最终形成肿瘤。Ebinuma H等 [20] 认为,c-myc mRNA的过度降低可以诱导肝癌细胞系的凋亡,同时可以引起Bcl-2的减少,提高细胞的死亡率。AFP是肝癌特异性抗原,同时也是个潜在的肝细胞生长因子,通过对Bel-7402的研究,显示AFP能促进肝癌细胞增殖,其生长调节是由特异的膜受体介导的,并通过cAMP-PKA和细胞内钙离子通道的跨膜信号传导来调节癌基因的表达水平,且有剂量依赖性 [21]。 2.2 在诊断和预防研究中的应用 目前与肝癌诊断的标志物比较多,如AFP、MAGE、BAGE等,但都缺乏很好的特异性和敏感性,利用人肝癌细胞系可以筛选一些有潜在价值的肝癌诊断标志物,有可能预防肝癌的发生和提高肝癌的早期诊断水平。Obora等 [22] 对5株人肝癌细胞系进行了研究,结果显示在干扰素抑制肝癌细胞生长和凋亡上,无环视黄醛具有协同作用,两者结合有可能预防肝癌的发生。Wang Z等 [23] 通过对肝癌动物模型和人肝癌细胞系HepG2,SMMC7721以及人胚胎肝细胞系L-02中胰岛素生长因子Ⅱ(IGF-Ⅱ)的检测表明,在癌前阶段,IGF-Ⅱ可以通过旁分泌机制促进肝细胞的增殖,而肝细胞发生恶性转化后,IGF-Ⅱ也转为自动分泌。因此,IGF-Ⅱ有可能成为肝癌早期诊断的生物学标志物。 2.3 用于肝癌治疗的研究 人肝癌细胞系可以应用于药物作用机制的研究。Favoulet P等 [24]对吡柔比星和阿霉素的细胞外毒性进行了比较,发现吡柔比星对HepG2和Hu-H7的毒性效果更好,认为吡柔比星能更好地应用于晚期肝癌病人的肝动脉化疗栓塞而不至于引起完全的肝动脉阻塞。Abiru S等 [25] 研究表明,阿司匹林和选择性环氧化物酶-2(COX-2)抑制剂NS-398可以抑制肝细胞生长因子(HGF)诱导的HepG2细胞侵袭,其机制是通过细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)1/2通路。 2.4 用于肝炎病毒的研究 将肝炎病毒整合到人肝癌细胞系中,通过检测一些指标,可以研究肝炎发病机制,为肝炎疫苗和药物治疗提供理论依据。Bouchard等 [26] 将缺乏x蛋白的土拨鼠HBV整合转染到人肝癌细胞系HepG2中,然后用5~10倍的x蛋白加以刺激,HBV RNA复制有明显增加,而单纯用信号传导抑制剂,对HBV RNA复制仅有轻微作用,说明这些复制的信号通路是由x蛋白激活的。这为抑制肝炎的复发和加剧提供了治疗方向。Alisi等 [27] 研究表明,核心蛋白可以直接影响不同p73亚型的功能,在HCV的发病中起着重要作用。 2.5 作为生物人工肝的肝细胞来源人肝癌细胞系有正常肝细胞某些功能,对生存条件要求不严,来源广泛,经过传代培养,数量能满足需要。C3A细胞是从HepG2演化而来,具有良好的分泌蛋白、参与尿素及糖原合成肝细胞特异性功能,且增殖能力强。目前美国Hepatix公司生产的Hepatix-ELAD体外人工肝辅助装置中使用的生物成分就是C3SA细胞株 [28] ,已被批准进行Ⅱ期临床试验。 3 存在的问题 由于肿瘤的异质性,并且处在不同的生存环境,体外建立的人肝癌细胞系会发生转化,包括基因的丢失、漂移等,和体内的实体瘤之间有显著的差异,而且同一种细胞系经过反复传代后也会发生转化,这样的实验结果具有不确定性。因此应该正确认识和评价细胞系的应用效果:①所建立的细胞系不能和来源的癌组织划等号。②在药物的细胞毒性实验中,不能认为在体外对肝癌细胞有杀伤作用就一定适合体内,药物的作用不可能象在体外一样到达几乎每一个细胞,动物和人的生理环境以及对药物的反应性也不一样。③一般肝癌的发病都有一个长达十几年甚至几十年的癌前变化期,病因和发病机制复杂,故基于某一种或几种肝癌细胞系的实验结果不一定能反映全部肝癌的病因和特性。④还没有形成肝癌细胞的规模化培养,有限的培养肝癌细胞还远远不能满足研究的需要。 参考文献 1 Yu AS,Keeffe EB.Management of hepatocellular carcinoma.Rev Gasˉtroenterol Disord,2003,3(1):8-24. 2 Pisani P,Parkin DM,Bray F,et al.Estimates of worldwide mortality from25cancers in1990.Int J Caner,1999,83:18-29. 3 陈瑞铭.一株人体肝癌细胞株的建立和一些初步的观察.肿瘤研究论文集,1962,39-47. 4 Alexander JJ,Bey EM,Geddes EW,et al.Establishment of a continuˉously growing cell line from primary carcinoma of the liver.S Afr Med J,1976,50(54):2124-2128. 5 Morris KM,Aden DP,Knowles BB,Colten HR.Complement biosynˉthesis by the human hepatoma-derived cell line HepG2.J Clin Invest,1982,70(4):906-913. 6 王金兵,朱德厚,叶秀珍,等.启东肝癌细胞系QGY-7703的建立及其特征.中华肿瘤杂志,1981,3(4):243. 7 董荣春,周荣华,吕发度,等.SMMC-7721人肝癌细胞株的建立及其生物学特性的初步观察.第二军医大学学报,1980,(1):5-9. 8 郭秀婵,蓝祥英,周玲,等.乙型肝炎病毒和黄曲霉素协同作用诱发人肝细胞癌细胞株的建立.病毒学报,2001,17(3).205-209. 9 Aoki Y,Aizaki H,Shimoike T,et al.A human liver cell line exhibits efficient translation of HCV RNAs produced by a recombinant adenovirus expressing T7RNA polymerase.Virology,1998,250:140-150. 10 Tian J,Tang ZY,Ye SL,et al.Newhuman hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)cell line with highly metastatic potential(MHCC97)and its expressions of the factors associated with metastasis.Br J Cancer,1999,81(5):814-821. 11 Li Y,Tang ZY,Ye SL,et al.Establishment of cell clones with difˉferent metastatic potential from the metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma cell line MHCC97.World J Gastroenterol,2001,7(5):630-636. 12 吴小鹏,王占民,刘博,等.外生型肝癌细胞系的建立及生物学特性研究.中华外科杂志,2002,40(8):616-617. 13 Murakami T,Yano H,Maruiwa M,et al.Establishment and characˉterization of a human combined hepatocholangiocarcinoma cell line and its heterologous transplantation in nude 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cells.Hepatology,2002,35(5):1117-1124. 26 Bouchard MJ,Puro RJ,Wang L,et al.Activation and inhibition of cellular calcium and tyrosine kinase signaling pathways identify targets of the HBx protein involved in hepatitis B virus replication.J Virol,2003,77(14):7713-7719. 27 Alisi A,Giambartolomei S,Cupelli F,et al.Physical and functional interaction between HCV core protein and the different p73isoforms.Oncogene,2003,22(17):2573-2580. 28 Wood RP,Katz SM,Ozaki CF,et al.Extracorporeal liver assist deˉvice(ELAD):a preliminary report.Transplant Proc,1993,25(4Supˉpl3):53-54 |
很有用。。。 |
5. HepaRG 由法国科学家于2002年建立,是一种具有定向分化潜力的肝脏祖细胞,在体外分化培养条件下可以定向分化为具有肝细胞和胆管细胞功能及特征的细胞。分化后的HepaRG细胞在形态和功能上和PHH非常接近,是目前唯一可以被HBV体外感染的非肿瘤细胞系,具备包含Viral entry step在内的完整HBV lifecycle,应该说是HBV病毒学研究及新药筛选的最佳工具。HepaRG细胞目前已经被一家法国公司BIOPREDIC商业化了,国内的研究者可以通过Invitrogen或Minipore公司购买分化后的细胞,当然,价格不菲。 HepaRG细胞的主要缺点是,对培养条件要求非常严格,且细胞需要连续培养并分化大约4周,之后如果一切无误方能用于HBV感染实验。此外,即便是有经验的研究人员提供了最理想的培养条件,HBV在HepaRG上的感染效率也只有大约10-15%(即便是PHH也同样如此),复制水平远没有基于质粒转染来的高,这也正是目前体外感染实验的瓶颈所在。另有研究表明,HepaRG感染HBV之后的cccDNA水平较低,未能检测到显著的rcDNA-cccDNA recycling,其原因还有待进一步的探索。 6. L02 非肿瘤的正常人肝细胞株(也有资料说是人胚胎肝细胞株,不能确定)。很可惜从来没有用过这个细胞株,也未能查到该细胞具体的来源信息,希望有知情的朋友可以帮忙补充。目前国外使用L02细胞用于HBV相关研究的报道还不多见,主要还是来自国内的研究团队。作为一种区别于HepG2/HuH-7等肿瘤细胞的正常肝细胞株,在某些特定的研究背景下,L02会有其独特的优势。如何被国际同行所认可,可能是该细胞被广泛运用的前提。 7. HepG2-NTCP / HuH7-NTCP 由北京生命科学研究所李文辉博士所领导的研究小组成功鉴定出了HBV功能性受体NTCP。这可被视为HBV研究领域近十年来最重要的进展之一。此项研究的核心成果及应用之一,就是过表达NTCP的HepG2/HuH7细胞,可以成功被HBV感染(效率类似PHH/HepRG细胞)!简单方便,任何实验室都可以很容易的重复,相信类似的细胞系会得到非常广泛的运用。 |
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