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柳叶刀最新研究:预防宫颈癌,HPV疫苗接种一针就够!

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发表于 2015-6-14 21:49:18 | 只看该作者 回帖奖励 |倒序浏览 |阅读模式
宫颈癌是全球最致命但也是最容易预防的女性癌症类型,人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染是罪魁祸首,导致了99%的宫颈癌病例,其中2种基因型(HPV-16/18)占到了70%。接种疫苗是预防宫颈癌的一种有效手段,当前宫颈癌疫苗的免疫程序通常为2针(0,6个月)或者3针(0,1,6个月)。然而令人担忧的现实情况是,有相当多的年轻女性并没有按规定及时地完成2针或3针注注射。这是否会降低疫苗预防HPV感染的效果呢?



近日,来自美国路易斯维尔大学(UL)的研究人员,对宫颈癌疫苗Cervarix(HPV16/18 AS04)2个大规模随机双盲III期研究(NCT00128661,NCT001226810)的数据进行了汇总分析,比较了注射1针、2针、3针疫苗预防HPV感染的有效性。结果发现,接种Cervarix预防主要基因型HPV毒株(HPV-16/18)感染时,接种1针与2针或3针的免疫保护率一样好(85.7% vs 76.0% vs 77.0%)。该项激动人心的研究结果已于近日发表于国际期刊《柳叶刀•肿瘤学》(The Lancet Oncology)(IF=24.752)。

研究的共同作者、路易斯威尔大学医学院Diane Harper博士表示,这些激动人心的发现,有望解决宫颈癌疫苗接种方面存在的严重现实问题,即:有多达三分之二的年轻女性没有及时地完成免疫程序所要求的全部2针或3针接种。而对于卫生当局,这一发现则意味着,尽管大多数女性并没有完成接种程序,但也没有浪费钱。

该研究的数据具有重大的现实意义,相对于目前的2针(0,6个月)和3针(0,1,6个月)免疫程序,1针免疫程序不仅能够提高接种的完成率,还能够降低疫苗接种成本,这将促使更多的发展中国家将HPV疫苗纳入常规的疫苗接种。

人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)是引发宫颈癌的罪魁祸首,导致了99%的宫颈癌病例,其中2种基因型(HPV-16/18)占到了70%。这2种基因型HPV与其他基因型HPV导致了一种名为宫颈重度上皮内瘤样病变(CIN3)的宫颈癌癌前病变。

Cervarix(HPV16/18AS04)是英国制药巨头葛兰素史克(GSK)研发的一款宫颈癌疫苗,其2针(0,6)和3针(0,1,6)免疫程序已获全球多个国家批准,并广泛用于年轻女性群体的免疫接种。尽管Cervarix只靶向HPV-16/18毒株,但根据已完成的全部临床数据,Cervarix预防全部基因型HPV毒株所致CIN3的有效率高达93%,与默沙东另一款HPV疫苗Gardasil(4价疫苗)不相上下,后者靶向4种基因型HPV毒株(HPV-6/11/16/18)。

2014年12月,FDA批准了Gardasil(9价疫苗),这是Gardasil(4价疫苗)的升级版,涵盖9种基因型HPV毒株(HPV-6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58),具有预防大约90%子宫颈、外阴、阴道和肛门癌症的潜力。当然,这取决于疫苗接种率的提高。然而Gardasil 9在提高疫苗接种方面也面临着一些制约因素,包括男性儿童中疫苗接种报销政策的缺乏以及该疫苗的3针(0,1,6)免疫程序。

研究的完整数据:

为了评估疫苗接种少于3针时的有效性,研究人员将NCT00128661(CVT)研究和NCT001226810(PATRICIA)研究进行了汇总分析,这是调查Cervarix在年轻女性群体中预防HPV感染有效性的唯一2个大规模、随机、双盲III期研究。汇总后的结果,有22327人接种3针,1185人接种2针,543例接种1针)。针对HPV-16/18感染的保护率分别为:3针为77.0%(95% CI:74.7–79.1),2针为76.0%(95% CI:62.0–85.3),1针为85.7%(95% CI:70.7–93.7);针对HPV-31/33/45感染的保护率分别为:3针为59.7%(95% CI:56.0–63.0),2针为37.7%(95% CI:12.4–55.9),1针为36.6%(95% CI:-5.4–62.2)。

另一方面,对于接种2针的女性群体,针对HPV-16/18感染,在第1个月接受第2针的保护率为75.3%(95% CI:54.2–87.5),在第6个月接受第2针的保护率为82.6%(95% CI:42.3–96.1,仅来自CVT研究数据)。针对HPV-31/33/45感染,在第1个月接受第2针的保护率为10.2%(95% CI:-42.0–43.3),在第6个月接受第2针的保护率为68.1%(95% CI:27.0–87.0,仅来自CVT研究数据),与接种3针的女性群体中的保护率相似。

数据解读:15-25岁女性群体,接种宫颈癌疫苗Cervarix(HPV16/18 AS04)4年后,针对HPV-16/18感染,接种1针和2针的保护率与接种3针的保护率相当。在6个月间隔接种2针(0,6),额外提供了针对HPV-31/33/45感染的横向保护。这些数据主张对HPV-16/18疫苗的一针有效性进行直接评估。

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发表于 2016-2-18 15:15:14 | 只看该作者
【标题】:Efficacy of a prophylactic adjuvanted bivalent L1 virus-like-particle vaccine against infection with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in young women: an interim analysis of a phase III double-blind, randomised controlled trial
【作者】:Paavonen, J.; Jenkins, D.; Bosch, F. X. (...)
【来源】:Lancet, 2007, 369(9580), 2161-2170
【摘要】:BACKGROUND: The aim of this interim analysis of a large, international phase III  study was to assess the efficacy of an AS04 adjuvanted L1 virus-like-particle prophylactic candidate vaccine against infection with human papillomavirus (HPV)  types 16 and 18 in young women. METHODS: 18,644 women aged 15-25 years were randomly assigned to receive either HPV16/18 vaccine (n=9319) or hepatitis A vaccine (n=9325) at 0, 1, and 6 months. Of these women, 88 were excluded because  of high-grade cytology and 31 for missing cytology results. Thus, 9258 women received the HPV16/18 vaccine and 9267 received the control vaccine in the total  vaccinated cohort for efficacy, which included women who had prevalent oncogenic  HPV infections, often with several HPV types, as well as low-grade cytological abnormalities at study entry and who received at least one vaccine dose. We assessed cervical cytology and subsequent biopsy for 14 oncogenic HPV types by PCR. The primary endpoint--vaccine efficacy against cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2+ associated with HPV16 or HPV18--was assessed in women who were seronegative and DNA negative for the corresponding vaccine type at baseline (month 0) and allowed inclusion of lesions with several oncogenic HPV types. This interim event-defined analysis was triggered when at least 23 cases of CIN2+ with HPV16 or HPV18 DNA in the lesion were detected in the total vaccinated cohort for efficacy. Analyses were done on a modified intention-to-treat basis. This trial is registered with the US National Institutes of Health clinical trial registry,  number NCT00122681. FINDINGS: Mean length of follow-up for women in the primary analysis for efficacy at the time of the interim analysis was 14.8 (SD 4.9) months. Two cases of CIN2+ associated with HPV16 or HPV18 DNA were seen in the HPV16/18 vaccine group; 21 were recorded in the control group. Of the 23 cases, 14 (two in the HPV16/18 vaccine group, 12 in the control group) contained several oncogenic HPV types. Vaccine efficacy against CIN2+ containing HPV16/18 DNA was 90.4% (97.9% CI 53.4-99.3; p<0.0001). No clinically meaningful differences were noted in safety outcomes between the study groups. INTERPRETATION: The adjuvanted HPV16/18 vaccine showed prophylactic efficacy against CIN2+ associated with HPV16 or HPV18 and thus could be used for cervical cancer prevention.
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