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本帖最后由 ms003 于 2016-1-9 23:52 编辑
原帖由论坛会员wwwkkk83发表于 2011-5-20 10:12
History of Vaccine Development
Springer | 2011 | 260 pages | ISBN: 1441913386 | PDF | 5.1MB
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2011-5-20 10:18
Vaccinology, the concept of a science ranging from the study of immunology to the development and distribution of vaccines, was a word invented by Jonas Salk. This book covers the history of the methodological progress in vaccine development and to the social and ethical issues raised by vaccination. Chapters include "Jenner and the Vaccination against Smallpox," "Viral Vaccines," and "Ethical and Social Aspects of vaccines." Contributing authors include pioneers in the field, such as Samuel L. Katz and Hilary Koprowski. This history of vaccines is relatively short and many of its protagonists are still alive. This book was written by some of the chief actors in the drama whose subject matter is the conquest of epidemic disease.
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Contents
Contributors
1 Introduction
2 “Variolation” and Vaccination in Late Imperial China, Ca 1570–1911
The Development of Variolation in China
Variolation Practiced by the Manchu Imperial Family
Introduction of Jennerian Vaccination
Acceptance of Jennerain Vaccination
References
3 Edward Jenner’s Role in the Introduction of Smallpox Vaccine
Introduction
Early Observations
Jenner’s Vaccinations
True and Spurious Cowpox
Jenner in Perspective
Conclusion
References
4 Edward Jenner, Benefactor to Mankind
References
5 Smallpox Eradication: The Vindication of Jenner’s Prophesy
The First WHO Global Smallpox Eradication Campaign
The Intensified Smallpox Eradication Programme
Vaccination in the Intensified Smallpox Eradication Programme
New Methods of Vaccination
Surveillance and Containment
References
6 Pasteur and the Birth of Vaccines Made in the Laboratory
Introduction
Studies on Anthrax
Pasteur and the Chicken Cholera
Pasteur and Toussaint and Their Competition for an Anthrax Vaccine
Pasteur and Thuillier and the Swine Erysipelas
Pasteur and the Treatment of Rabies
The Diffusion of the First Generation of Vaccines and Why!
Conclusion
References
7 Antituberculosis BCG Vaccine: Lessons from the Past
Previous Knowledge
Discovery of BCG
Antituberculosis Immunity
BCG Vaccination
BCG Strain Diversity
BCG Vaccine Manufacture
BCG Efficacy
References
8 A History of Toxoids
Introduction
Discovery of Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxins, Toxoids and Antitoxins
Preparation of Diphtheria Toxin
Preparation of Tetanus Toxin
Preparation of Purified Toxoids
The Use of Adjuvants
References
9 Vaccination Against Typhoid Fever: A Century of Research. End of the Beginning or Beginning of the End?
Introduction
Historical Overview of Typhoid Fever
Introduction of Typhoid Vaccination: A Wright or R Pfeiffer?
Typhoid Fever Morbidity and Mortality in Relation to Vaccination: A Debate
At Last a Response
Toward a Significant Improvement: Vi Polysaccharide Vaccines
Live Attenuated Mutants of S. typhi Given Orally: An Alternative Option?
Is It the End, the Beginning of End or the End of the Beginning?
References
10 The History of Pertussis Vaccination: From Whole-Cell to Subunit Vaccines
The Efficacy of Whole-Cell Vaccines
The Adverse Effects of Whole-Cell Vaccines
Development of Subunit Vaccines
The Efficacy of Subunit and Acellular Pertussis Vaccines
The Adverse Effects of Subunit and Acellular Pertussis Vaccines
Laboratory Correlates with Protection for Subunit Vaccines
References
11 Bacterial Polysaccharide
References
12 Polysaccharide–Protein Conjugate Vaccines
Historic Background
Primary Pathogens
Prevention of Hemophilus influenzae Type b (Hib) Meningitis
Historic Considerations
Capsular Polysaccharides of Hemophilus influenzae
Development of “Natural” CP Antibodies Inversely Related to Age Incidence of Hib Systemic Infection
Protective Level of Hemophilus influenzae Type b Antibodies
Age-Related Antibody Responses to Hib Polysaccharide
Conjugates Are more Immunogenic than Systemic Hib Infection
Duration of Anti-Hib CP in Infants Vaccinated with Conjugates
“Herd” Immunity Elicited by Anti-Hib PS and Other PS Antibodies
Conjugate Technology for Other Pathogens Whose Surface Polysaccharides Are Protective Antigens
The Future of Polysaccharide–Protein Conjugate Vaccines
Conclusion
References
13 After Pasteur: History of New Rabies Vaccines
References
14 Yellow Fever Vaccines: The Success of Empiricism, Pitfalls of Application, and Transition to Molecular Vaccinology
Early Work: Immunization by “Mosquito Inoculation”
1927: Isolation of Yellow Fever Virus, a Requisite Step Towards a Defined Vaccine
1928–1930: Early Attempts at Vaccination
1931–1934: Partially Attenuated Live Vaccines and “Sero-Immunization”
1932–1941: Development of the French Neurotropic Virus and Initial Field Trials
1931–1938: Development and Initial Field Trials of Yellow Fever 17D Vaccine
Field Trials in Brazil
1941: Problems with Vaccine Manufacturing and Control: Neurological Accidents Caused by 17D Virus
1941–1953: Prevention of Yellow Fever in French West Africa Using the French Neurotropic Vaccine
Neurologic Accidents Caused by the French Neurotropic Vaccine
Adventitious Agents: Hepatitis B and Avian Leucosis Viruses in 17D Chick-Embryo Vaccine
Vaccine Thermostability: The Chink in the Armor
Combined Immunization
The Molecular Basis of Attenuation
References
15 A Race with Evolution: A History of Influenza Vaccines
The Pioneers of the 1930s
Emergence of the Perception of Influenza as a Unique Problem Vaccinology
Vaccine Reactogenicity: Technical Solutions
The Practical Application of Influenza Virus Genetics
Adjuvants
Live Virus Vaccines
Surveillance as an Essential Part of Influenza Vaccine Strategy
Postlude and Summary (see also Table 3)
References
16 The Role of Tissue Culture in Vaccine Development
References
17 Viral Vaccines and Cell Substrate: A “Historical” Debate
References
18 History of Koprowski Vaccine Against Poliomyelitis
The Past Was Not a Prolog
Crossing the Rubicon
Hither, Thither, and Yon
Heart of Darkness
Mes semblables, mes frères
L’envoi
References
19 Oral Polio Vaccine and the Results of Its Use
References
20 The Development of IPV
Personal Experience in IPV Development
Later Developments
Van Wezel’s Improvements at the Rijkinstituut voor Volksgezonheit et Milieuhygien
Strains of Poliovirus
Purification of the Virus
Measurement of D Antigen to Standardise Vaccine
Performance in Controlling Poliomyelitis
Acknowledgments
Further Reading
References
21 The Long Prehistory of Modern Measles Vaccination
Conclusion
References
22 The History of Measles Virus and the Development and Utilization of Measles Virus Vaccines
Introduction
Attenuated Virus Vaccine
Early Vaccine Studies
Host Factors in Measles and Its Pathogenesis
Inactivated Virus Vaccine
Measles Control in the Vaccine Era
Genetic Stability of Measles Virus
Global Aspects of Measles Prevention
Current Diagnostic Dilemmas
Conclusion
References
23 The Development of Live Attenuated Mumps Virus Vaccine in Historic Perspective and Its Role in the Evolution of Combined Measles–Mumps–Rubella
Early History
Virus
Genome
Mumps Vaccine Developments
Background
Development of the Jeryl Lynn Strain Mumps Vaccine
Basic Concepts
Problems in Selection of Parent Virus Strains for Vaccine
Attenuated Jeryl Lynn Mumps Virus
Proof of Safety and Efficacy
Subsequent Studies
Special Problems in Developing Suitable Mumps Virus Vaccines
Indigenous Viruses of Primary Chick Cell Cultures
Central Nervous System Involvement in the Clinical Application of Certain Live Attenuated Mumps Vaccines
Mumps Virus Quasi-Species and Plurality Between and Within Clusters
Individual and Combined Live Measles, Mumps and Rubella Vaccines
The Legacy of Measles, Mumps and Rubella Vaccines
References
24 History of Rubella Vaccines and the Recent History of Cell Culture
Breakthrough
The Race Is On
The Great Substrate Battle
RA27/3
David and Goliath
And Then There was One…
The Effect on Public Health
References
25 Three Decades of Hepatitis Vaccinology in Historic Perspective. A Paradigm of Successful Pursuits
History of Hepatitis
Etiologic Discovery
Hepatitis A
The Virus
Prototype Vaccine
Live Virus Vaccine
Killed Virus Vaccine
Clinical Studies
Hepatitis B
The Virus
Plasma-Derived Vaccine
Vaccine Performance
Conclusion
References
26 Vaccination Against Varicella and Zoster: Its Development and Progress
References
27 Developmental History of HPV Prophylactic Vaccines
Introduction
The Association of HPV and Cancer
Preclinical Vaccine Development
Clinical Trials
Perspectives
References
28 History of Rotavirus Vaccines Part I: RotaShield
Discovery of the Noroviruses and Rotaviruses
Characteristics of Rotaviruses Related to Vaccine Development
Strategies for a Rotavirus Vaccine
Attenuated Human Rotavirus Vaccine Candidates: A Monovalent Cell Culture Passaged Virus, A Neonatal Strain, and Cold-Adapted
The Jennerian Approach
Modified Jennerian Approach
Development of the First Licensed Rotavirus Vaccine (RotaShield)
Withdrawal of RotaShield: The Intussusception Issue
Efforts Made to Reconsider the Withdrawal Decision
Catch-Up Vaccination Found to be Related to Intussusception
Age Factor Important for Current Rotavirus Vaccines
Age Factor in Naturally Occurring Intussusception
Currently Licensed Rotavirus Vaccines and Intussusception
A Permissive Recommendation for RotaShield Was Needed
Ethicist’s View Regarding the Withdrawal of RotaShield on the Developing Countries
RotaShield in a Field Trial in Ghana
Benefits of Neonatal Vaccination
Why Is Another Vaccine Needed When There Are Already Two Licensed Rotavirus Vaccines?
References
29 Rotavirus Vaccines Part II: Raising the Bar for Vaccine Safety Studies
The Burden of Rotavirus
The Disease
The Virus
Hope for a Vaccine: Natural Infection Protects Against Disease Following Reinfection
A Monkey Rotavirus
A Cow Rotavirus
Reassortant Rotaviruses: Combination of Animal and Human Rotavirus Strains
Simian–Human Reassortants: RotaShield
Bovine–Human Reassortants: RotaTeq
Attenuated Human Rotavirus: RotaRix
Conclusion
References
30 Veterinary Vaccines in the Development of Vaccination and Vaccinology
Introduction
Virus Vaccines
Fowl Cholera Vaccine
Anthrax Vaccine
Swine Erysipelas Vaccine
Rabies Vaccine
The Basis of Virus Vaccines
“Inactivated” Vaccines
Bacillus Calmette–Guérin
Brucellosis Vaccines
Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccines
Combined Vaccine
“Subunit” Vaccines
Rabies Vaccines
Present and Future of Veterinary Vaccines
Requirements
The Impact of New Technologies
Conclusion
References
Index
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