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Airway Memory CD4+ T Cells Mediate Protective Immunity against Emerging Respiratory Coronaviruses
Jincun Zhao6,correspondenceemail, Jingxian Zhao6, Ashutosh K. Mangalam, Rudragouda Channappanavar, Craig Fett, David K. Meyerholz, Sudhakar Agnihothram7, Ralph S. Baric, Chella S. David, Stanley Perlman
Highlights
•Intranasal but not subcutaneous vaccination protects mice from pathogenic human CoVs
•Protection is mediated by airway memory CD4+ T cells
•IFN-γ produced by airway memory CD4+ T cells is required for protection
•A conserved epitope in SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV induces cross-reactive T cell responses
Summary
Two zoonotic coronaviruses (CoVs)—SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV—have crossed species to cause severe human respiratory disease. Here, we showed that induction of airway memory CD4+ T cells specific for a conserved epitope shared by SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV is a potential strategy for developing pan-coronavirus vaccines. Airway memory CD4+ T cells differed phenotypically and functionally from lung-derived cells and were crucial for protection against both CoVs in mice. Protection was dependent on interferon-γ and required early induction of robust innate and virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses. The conserved epitope was also recognized in SARS-CoV- and MERS-CoV-infected human leukocyte antigen DR2 and DR3 transgenic mice, indicating potential relevance in human populations. Additionally, this epitope was cross-protective between human and bat CoVs, the progenitors for many human CoVs. Vaccine strategies that induce airway memory CD4+ T cells targeting conserved epitopes might have broad applicability in the context of new CoVs and other respiratory virus outbreaks.
http://www.cell.com/immunity/abstract/S1074-7613(16)30160-1 |
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